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5)
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6) References for You and
    Your Doctor

7) Diagnosing ADD, ADHD
    &  Related Disorders


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Laura's Latest Book 12 Effective Ways to Help Your ADD/ADHD Child

References for You and Your Doctor

Enlist your doctor's support in helping your child with his/her inattention and behavioral  problems and food sensitivities. Take the list of references below to your doctor.  Or visit a local medical school and ask the librarian to help you locate these journals. Copy the articles. Or ask your local library to order them for you on Inter-library loan. It may cost you a few dollars. or it may be free Then share the references with your doctor.

ADD/ADHD & Iron

1)     Halterman, JS.  2001 Iron deficiency and cognitive achievement among school-aged children and adolescents in the United States. Pediatrics. Vol. 107 (6), 2001, pages 1381-1386)

2)     Sever, Y. 1997.  Iron treatment in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. A preliminary report.  Neuropyschobiology. Vol. 35(4), pages 178-80.

3)     Konofal, E. 2004 Iron deficiency in children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine.  Vol. 158, pages 1113-1115.

4)     Simakajomboon, N. 2003.  Periodic limb movements in sleep and iron status in children.  Sleep. Vol. 26(6), pages 735-8. 

5)  Millichap, JG.  2006 Serum ferritin in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.  Pediatric Neurology. Vol. 34(3), pages 200-3.

6). Konofal, E. 2007.  Impact of restless legs syndrome and iron deficiency on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children.  Sleep Medicine.  Vol. 8, pages 711-715.

7) Oner, P. 2007.  Association between low serum ferritin and restless legs syndrome in patients with Atte tnion Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Tohoku Japan Exp. Med. Vol. 213, pages 269-76.

8) Oner, P. 2007.  Relationship of ferritin to symptom ratings children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Effect of comorbidity.  Child Psychiatry and Human Development.  Online.

9. Oner, P. 2008.  Relation of ferritin levels with symptom ratings and cognitive performance in children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder.  Pediatrics International.  Vol. 50, pages 40-45.

9) Konofal, E. 2008. Effects of iron supplementation on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children.  Pediatric Neurology. Vol. 38(1), pages 20-6.

ADHD & Zinc

1. Golub, M.S. 1994.  Modulation of behavioral performance of prepubertal monkeys by
moderate dietary zinc deprivation.  American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Vol. 60,
pp.238-243.

2.  Golub, M.S. 1996.  Activity and attention in zinc-deprived adolescent monkeys.  American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.  Vol.64, pp. 908-15.

3.  McGee, R.  et al.  1990.  Hyperactivity and Serum and Hair Zinc Levels in 11-Year-Old Children from the General Population.  Biological Psychiatry, Vol. 28.  pp. 165-168.

4.  Toren, P et al.  1996.  Zinc Deficiency in Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.
Biological Psychiatry.  Vol.40, pp. 1308-10.

5.  Bekaroglu, M et al.  1996. Relationships between Serum Fatty Acids and Zinc, and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A research Note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. Vo. 37, pp.225-227.

6.  Akhondzadeh, S. et al.  2004.  Zinc sulfate as an adjunct to methylphenidate for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children:  A double blind and randomized trial.  BMC Psychiatry.  Vol. 4(9).

7.  Bilici, M.  2004.  Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of zinc sulfate in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.  Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry.  Vol. 28, pp. 181-90.

8.  Arnold, L.E. 2005.  Serum Zinc Correlates with Parent- and Teacher-Rated Inattention in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.  Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology.  Vol. 15(4), pp. 628-636.

Food and Food Additives Sensitivities:

 Swanson, JM and Kinsbourne, M. 1980.  Food Dyes Impair Performance of Hyperactive Children on a Laboratory Learning TestScience Vol. 207, pp 1485-1487. 

 Salamy J et al.  1982.  Physiological Changes in Hyperactive Children Following the Ingestion of Food Additives.  International Journal of Neuroscience.  Vol 16, pp. 241-246.

 Egger. J. 1985. Controlled Trial of Oligoantigenic Treatment in Hyperkinetic Syndrome. Lancet, vol. 1(8428) pp. 540-45.

 Carter, C. 1993.  Effects of a Few Food Diet in Attention Deficit Disorder. Archives of Diseases in Childhood 69, 1993, p. 564-568

 Boris, M. 1994 Foods and additives are common causes of attention deficit hyperactive disorder in children. Annals of Allergy vol 72, pp. 462-468.

 Uhlig, T.  1997.  Topographical mapping of brain electrical activity in children with food-induced attention deficit hyperkinetic disorder.  European Journal of Pediatrics vol. 156, pp. 557-561. 

 Bateman, B. 2004.  The effects of a double blind, placebo controlled, artificial food colourings and benzoate preservative challenge on hyperactivity general population sample of preschool children. Archives of Diseases of Childhood vol. 89, pp. 506-511.

B. Kaplan. Dietary replacement in preschool-aged hyperactive boys. Pediatrics 1989, pp. 7-17.

K. Rowe. Synthetic food coloring and behavior: A dose response effect in a double blind, placebo-controlled, repeated measures study. Journal of Pediatrics 125, 1994 pp. 691-8.

Sugar and ADHD
Wolraich M. “Effects of diets high in sucrose or aspartame and cognitive effects of sucrose-aspartame ingestion in normal children.”  N Engl J Med.  1994 330;301-7.

Conners C. “The effects of sucrose and fructose on behavior of child psychiatric patients.”

Schoenthaler S. “Sugar and children’s behavior.” N Engl J Med. 1994. Vol.330(26) 1901.

Goldman J.  “Behavioral effects of sucrose on preschool children.”  J Abnorm Child Psychology 1986 14(4) 565-77.

Wender E. “Effects of sugar on aggression and inattentive behavior in children with Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity and Normal Children.”  Pediatrics. Vol. 88(5) pp-960-966.

Essential Fatty Acids

Mitchell, EA 1983 “Essential fatty acids and maladjusted behaviour in children”, Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Medicine Vol. 12, pp. 281-7

Mitchell, EA 1987 “Clinical characteristics and serum essential fatty acid levels in hyperactive children.” Clinical Pediatrics Vol. 26 pp. 406-11.

Stevens et al. 1995 “Essential fatty acid metabolism in boys with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition Vol..62 pp. 761-8.)

Stevens et al. 1996 “Omega-3 fatty acids in boys with behavior, learning and health problems.” Physiology & Behavior Vol. 59 pp. 915-920.

Richardson, AJ, 2000 “Fatty acid deficiency signs predict the severity of reading and related difficulties in dyslexic children, Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids Vol.  63, pp. 69-74. 

Taylor, KE 2000. “Dyslexia in adults is associated with clinical signs of fatty acid deficiency.”   Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids Vol. 63 pp.75-78.)

Richardson, A. and Montgomery, Paul. 2005.  "The Oxford-Durham Study: A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Dietary Supplementation With Fatty Acids in Children With Developmental Coordination Disorder." Pediatrics Vol. 115 No. 5 pp. 1360-1366.

Supplementation and ADD/ADHD

  Schoenthaler SJ. 1997. The effect of randomized vitamin-mineral supplementation on violent and non-violent antisocial behaviaor among incarcerated juveniles.  Journal of Nutrtion and Environmental Medicine Vol. 7, pp. 343-352.

Schoenthaler SJ. 2000. The Effect of Vitamin-Mineral Supplementation on Juvenile Delinquency Among American Schoolchildren:  A Randomized, Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine Vol. 6, No. 1, pages 7-17. 

 Schoenthaler SJ.  Food addiction.  In: Brostoff J and Challacombe S eds.  Food Allergy and Intolerance.  London: W.B. Saunders, Inc.

 Gesch CB. 2002. Influence of supplementary vitamins, minerals and essential fatty acids on the antisocial behaviour of young adult prisoners.  British Journal of Pscyhiatry Vol. 181, pages 22-28.

 Carroll D. 2000.  2000. The effect of an oral multivitamin combination with calcium, magnesium, and zinc on psychological well-being in healthy young male volunteers: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Vol. 150 pages 220-225.

Magnesium and ADHD:

T. Kozielec. Assessment of magnesium levels in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.  Magnesium Research Vol. 10, 1997, pp. 143-148.

B. Starobrat-Hermelin.  The effects of magnesium physiological supplementation on hyperactivity in children with ADHD.  Magnesium Research Vol. 10, 1997, pp. 149-156.

Food Allergies and Ear Infections:

T. Nsouli. Role of food allergy in serous otitis media. Annals of Allergy 73, 1994, pp. 215-219.

Sleep References:

Chervin RD. “Symptoms of sleep disorders, inattention, and hyperactivity in children.”  Sleep. 1997.  Vol 20, Issue 12, pages 1185-92.

Owens, JA et al.  “Parental and self-report of sleep in children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.”  Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine. 2000. Vol. 154, pages 549-555.

Gozal D and Pope, DW.  “Snoring during early childhood and academic performance at ages thirteen to fourteen years.” Pediatrics. 2001. Vol 107, No. 6., pages 1394-9.

Pichietti, DL.  Further Studies on Periodic Limb Movement Disorder and Restless Legs Syndrome in Children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.  Movement Disorders.  1999. Vol. 14 (6), pp. 1000-1007.

Pichietti, DL.  Periodic Limb Movement Disorder and Restless Legs Syndrome in Children with Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.  Journal of Child Neurology.  1998. Vol. 13 pp. 588-594.

Lead Poisoning and Behavior:

Tuthill, R.W. Hair lead levels related to children's classroom Attention-Deficit behavior. Archives of Environmental Health Vol. 51, May/June 1996, pp.214-220.

 Popcock SJ.  Environmental lead and children’s intelligence: a systematic review of the epidemiological evidence.  BMJ. 1994.  Vol. 309 pp 1189-1197.

 Needleman HL.  Deficits in psychologic and classroom performance of children with elevated dentine lead levels.  N Engl J Med 1979.  Vol. 300.  pp 689-95.

Needleman HL.  The long-term effects of exposure to low doses of lead in childhood: an 11-year follow-up report.  N Engl J Med 1990. Vol 322.  pp 83-88.

Needleman.  Bone lead levels and delinquent behavior. JAMA. 1996. Vol. 275.  pp 363-9.

Schwartz J.  Lead and minor hearing impairment.  Arch Environ Health. 1991. Vol46 pp 300-305.

Bhattacharya A.  Lead effects on postural balance of children.  Environ Health Perspect 1990 Vol 89 pp 35-42.

Lamphear BP.  Low-level environmental lead exposure and children’s intellectual function: an international pooled analysis.  Environ Health Perspect.  2005 Vol. 113 pp 894-9.

Migraine, epilepsy, bed wetting and food allergies:

J. Egger. Oligoantigenic diet treatment of children with epilepsy and migraine. Journal of Pediatrics 114, 1989, pp. 302-7.

J. Egger. Is migraine food allergy? Lancet, October 15, 1983, pp. 865-868.

J. Egger. Effect of diet treatment on enuresis in children with migraine or hyperkinetic behavior. Clinical Pediatrics, May 1992, pp. 302-7.

W.M. Lane et al.   Eneuresis in Children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.  Southern Medical Journal Vol 90(5) 1997, pp. 503-505.

M.W. Jalkut.  Eneuresis.  Pediatric Clinics of North America Vol 48(6), 2001, pp. 1461-88.

Nutrition and Conduct Disorder

Schoenthaler, SJ. The Effect of Vitamin-Mineral Supplementation on Juvenile Delinquency Among American Schoolchildren:  A randomized, Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial.  Journal of Alternative and Complementary  Medicine: A randomized, Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial. 2000. Vol. 6 (1), pp. 7-17.

Corrigan, F.  Fatty acid analysis of blood from violent offenders.  Journal of Forensic Psychiatry.  1994.  Vol 5(1) pp.83-90.

Gesch, C.B. Influence of Supplementary Vitamins, Minerals and Essential Fatty Acids on the Antisocial Behaviour of Young Adult Prisoners.  British Journal of Psychiatry.  2002. Vol. 181 pp. 22-28.

Walsh, W.J. Elevated copper/zinc ratios in assaultive young males.  Physiology & Behavior 1997 Vol. 62(2), pp. 327-329.A

ADD/ADHD and Caffeine

1Huestis RD.  1975. Caffeine versus methylphenidate and d-amphetamine in minimal brain dysfunction: a double-blind comparison.  American Journal of Psychiatry.  Vol 132(8), pp. 868-70. 

2Arnold LE.  Methylphenidate vs Dextroamphetamine vs caffeine in minimal brain dysfunction.  Archives of General Psychiatry.  Vol. 35(4), pp. 463-73.

 3Garfinkel, BD et al. 1981.  Responses to Methylphenidate and Varied Doses of Caffeine in Children with Attention Deficit Disorder.  Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 26, pp. 395-401.

 4Schechter MD.  1985.  Objectively measured hyperactivity—II.  Caffeine and amphetamine effects. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology.  Vol 25(4), pp. 276-80.

 5Riccio et al. 2001.  Effects of Stimulants on the Continuous Performance Test (CPT):  Implications for CPT Use and Interpretation.  Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience.  Vol 13(3), pp. 326-335.

 6Lutz EG.  1978.  Restless Legs, Anxiety and Caffeinism.  Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. Vol. 39, pp. 693-698.

   

These pages are published monthly to offer information to parents and other care-givers in the treatment of ADHD. More information on this subject can be acquired by purchasing Laura Stevens' Book, 12 Effective Ways to Help your ADD/ADHD Child. Get more information on the book here.

* Ms Stevens has earned her Masters Degree in Foods and Nutrition from Purdue University. She has authored 5 books about diet, allergies, and behavior. She has conducted graduate research into biochemical factors affecting children with ADHD; and most importantly, has 25 years experience helping children with ADHD.

If you have any questions or comments for Laura, please click here.